Tag: smart contract

  • Visa Auto-Payment on Ethereum: The Complete guide

    Visa Auto-Payment on Ethereum: The Complete guide

    Visa on Ethereum Blockchain

    Visa payment is proposing to use Ethereum and Smart Contracts as an Auto-payments platform in order to increase efficiency and speed. The company published a technical paper detailing its plan to develop an automatic payment system for self-custodial wallets on the Ethereum network. This would enable Ethereum users to schedule auto-payments from their own self-custodial wallets, making online bill payments possible via blockchains. This comes at a very critical time as Ethereum is currently in a series of network upgrades, dubbed “Ethereum 2.0“, that will drastically increase its network efficiency and capacity.

    Visa is also innovating using Ethereum’s account abstraction — combining Ethereum’s user accounts and smart contracts into one account type which allows smart contract functions including pre-scheduled executions for recurring payments. This not only progresses blockchain technology but also brings real-world applications for the general public.

    Limited Payment Options on Blockchain Networks

    Existing blockchain infrastructures do not have the core functionality for auto-payments. In order to send funds to another address, all crypto users must generate a cryptographic signature via their private key. This is an example of push payments, where a payment transaction is manually triggered by the payer. It requires time and attention from the payer.

    On the other hand, there is pull payments, where a payment transaction is triggered by the payee. Automatic online bill payments are an example of this. Most of our recurring payments today are done directly on mobile banking applications or charged on our credit/debit cards. It is very convenient as users do not have to manually settle bills every month.

    Large blockchain networks such as Bitcoin and Ethereum support push payments but do not natively support pull payments. Additionally, users might be unwilling to hand over their private keys to a third-party custodian for monthly bill payments. Therefore, Visa has found a solution to enable pull payments on Ethereum, giving users full control over their scheduled payments.

    Smart Contract Auto-Payments

    Visa leverages the concept of Ethereum’s account abstraction to provide self-custodial wallets with automatic recurring payment capability. Instead of hard-coding validity conditions into the Ethereum protocol that applies to all transactions, validity conditions can be programmed in a customizable way into a smart contract on a per-account basis. This means that users would be able to create a whitelist of pre-approved auto-payments on a “delegable account.” This would not require the owner’s signature every time a payment is made.

    Furthermore, Visa also believes account abstraction has other real-world applications beyond just recurring payment such as account recovery services, multi-owner accounts or even public accounts where anyone could make a transaction. But the technology is still nascent and a lot of research needs to be done around fundamental aspects important for digital payments such as security and scalability, which are crucial for crypto adoption.

    Other payment competitors

    As one of the world’s largest payment networks, Visa is actively getting involved in the crypto ecosystem, looking for ways to expand their capabilities within blockchain payments. This could be a huge step towards mass adoption as traditional financial leaders are seeing the potential of crypto in the long-term future of digital payments.

    In fact, more and more global financial services are getting involved in the crypto ecosystem. Last week, PayPal is partnering with MetaMask to allow users to purchase ETH directly in their wallet via PayPal. On another note, Cash App, the number one finance app in the App Store, has also added support for transactions via the Bitcoin Lightning Network.

    FAQ

    What is Visa proposing?

    Visa is proposing a technical paper detailing their plan to develop an automatic payment system for self-custodial wallets on the Ethereum network. This would enable Ethereum users to schedule auto-payments from their own self-custodial wallets, making online bill payments possible via blockchains.

    How does Visa’s solution work?

    Visa leverages the concept of Ethereum’s account abstraction to provide self-custodial wallets with automatic recurring payment capability. Instead of hard-coding validity conditions into the Ethereum protocol that applies to all transactions, validity conditions can be programmed in a customizable way into a smart contract on a per-account basis. This means that users would be able to create a whitelist of pre-approved auto-payments on a “delegable account.”

    What are the benefits of Visa’s solution?

    Visa’s solution would enable pull payments on Ethereum, giving users full control over their scheduled payments. It also has other real-world applications beyond just recurring payment such as account recovery services, multi-owner accounts or even public accounts where anyone could make a transaction.

    What other companies are getting involved in the crypto ecosystem?

    PayPal is partnering with MetaMask to allow users to purchase ETH directly in their wallet via PayPal. Cash App, the number one finance app in the App Store, has also added support for transactions via the Bitcoin Lightning Network.

    What is the potential impact of Visa’s solution?

    Visa’s solution could be a huge step towards mass adoption as traditional financial leaders are seeing the potential of crypto in the long-term future of digital payments. It could also open up more real-world applications for the general public.

  • 10 Best Smart Contract Security Auditing Firms in 2022

    10 Best Smart Contract Security Auditing Firms in 2022

    We have compiled an updated list of the top performing blockchain security and smart contract auditing companies in 2022, giving you comprehensive data and history of these firms for you to make the best informed decision possible.

    Why Do Smart Contract Auditors Matter?

    A lot has happened since 2020 when we last ranked the best smart contract auditors at the time. As the crypto space is evolving, so are hackers and scammers around the world. Web3 attacks are becoming increasingly frequent, and each day malicious players have found creative ways to exploit smart contract vulnerabilities for quick profit.

    One of the largest crypto hacks in history happened earlier this year when Wormhole, Solana’s cross-chain bridge, was hacked on February 2nd. The attack exploited a signature verification vulnerability in the network that allowed the hacker to freely mint 120,000 wETH, worth $325 million at the time. As a result, security audits are extremely important. According to an article by Hacken, though Solana may be blamed for providing the instrument with security flaws to its projects, Wormhole might have “prevented the incident by auditing the instruments it used.”

    Quality smart contract assurance helps identify potential issues, and ensure that the protocol is ready at all times to address any threat that could put its users’ funds at risk. However, there are no guarantees that a protocol will be 100% secure after an audit, but a good smart contract auditor can still perform thorough reviews to potentially prevent major vulnerabilities after launch. To keep up with the increasing demand in blockchain security, certain auditing firms have also branched out to offer other cybersecurity services such as penetration testing, running bug bounty programs, vulnerability assessments, and threat modelling.

    What Makes a Good Smart Contract Auditor?

    We have compiled our list of the top smart contract auditors this year based on a set of criteria. One of the first steps in finding a reliable smart contract auditor is to check the portfolios of projects they have audited. Doing so allows you to see the size and popularity of the projects they have audited, and more importantly if any of the projects they have worked on have been compromised. Larger projects tend to attract more attention from hackers, and if they have not been exploited for a long period of time, then it is a good sign that their security is up to date thanks to their auditor(s).

    The next factor to consider is the auditor’s expertise in certain blockchains. As of now, most auditors offer only Ethereum contract audits. Only some are specialized in auditing projects on altchains such as BNB, Solana or Polygon. This is because EVM-compatible chains have different architectures, and certain altchains use a completely different programming language, e.g. Rust for Solana. Different firms have different areas of expertise in auditing protocols built on different blockchains, so it is best to assess their level of competency before engaging them for an audit. For example, if you are looking for a Polygon-based contract audit, check the firm’s past audits for Polygon-based projects.

    Finally, it goes without saying but the quality of audit reports is an important consideration to look for in a reliable auditor. Different auditing firms have their own methodology and approach. In many instances, the scope of an audit varies according to the scale and complexity of the project as well as the auditor’s agreement with their clients. It is important to note that a good report should include a comprehensive description of all the problems that were found during the test and inspection, and the findings of the audit have been addressed by the project.

    Hacken

    Website: https://hacken.io/

    Projects Audited: 700+

    Major Clients: FTX, Avalanche, VeChain, Huobi, Kyber, Air Asia

    Chains Supported: Ethereum, EVM Chains, BNB Chain, Solana, Polygon, Avalanche, NEAR, Fantom

    Hacken is a leading cybersecurity consulting company focused on blockchain security. Since its inception in 2017, Hacken has been educating and growing the ethical white hat hacker community to continually nurture and build the blockchain security ecosystem. Who better to identify and address cybersecurity threats than a hacker? (https://www.kambioeyewear.com/)

    Hacken provides a wide range of security services including blockchain security consulting, web/mobile penetration testing, vulnerability assessments, coordination of bug bounty programs and more. The company also encompasses security products such as HackenAI Security Platform, hVPN, and hPass etc. Beyond just blockchain security ecosystem, Hacken has also partnered with non-blockchain giants like Air Asia.

    Over the years, Hacken has built a commendable reputation as a security risk assessment for companies requiring a digital environment to create or enable services for their consumers, which is why Hacken is certified as Web 3.0 security standard by two of the world’s largest cryptocurrency data aggregator Coingecko and Coinmarketcap.

    Quantstamp

    Website: https://quantstamp.com/

    Projects Audited: 200+

    Major Clients: Ethereum 2.0, Solana, BNB Chain, Cardano, Maker, Curve, OpenSea

    Chains Supported: All chains

    Quantstamp is a security validation protocol for smart contracts and is one of the most recognized auditing companies in the blockchain sector. Their security team consists of PhDs and security professionals with experience in top IT companies such as Google, Facebook, Apple, and Ethereum Foundation.

    Quantstamp specializes in auditing services of all programming languages designed for use in blockchain applications. Since its launch in 2017, Quantstamp has audited over 200 projects and helped secure over $200 billion in value. Its services include auditing layer-1 blockchains, smart contract-powered NFT and DeFi protocols, and developing financial frameworks for layer-1 blockchain ecosystems.

    Trail of Bits

    Website: https://www.trailofbits.com/

    Projects Audited: 500+

    Major Clients: 0x Protocol, Compound, MakerDAO, Acala, Balancer, yearn.finance

    Chains Supported: Ethereum, Polkadot, Polygon, Tezos, Arbitrum

    Trail of Bits is a cybersecurity industry giant with a long list of big-name clients such as Microsoft, Adobe, Reddit, Zoom, Airbnb, and Reddit etc. Founded in 2012, before smart contracts were even invented, the company prides itself as a network of developers with the capabilities of identifying and fixing loopholes in software, devices, and code. They have long developed tools that help developers find and fix critical vulnerabilities. Manticore is one of their signature tools, a multi-contract and multi-transaction emulator. Other tools include Cryptic, Slither and Echidna which are also blockchain-focused solutions.

    ConsenSys Diligence

    Website: https://consensys.net/

    Projects Audited: 100+

    Major Clients: 0x Exchange, Aave, Balancer, Uniswap

    Chains Supported: Ethereum

    Consenys is a US-based blockchain technology solutions company and is one of the biggest and prominent blockchain incubators in the industry. Unlike other security firms mentioned on this list, ConsenSys dedicates its resources and technological expertise solely to the development of Ethereum blockchain applications and software, especially financial infrastructures.

    Its signature product, MythX, is one of the most powerful automated scanners for Ethereum smart contracts, providing a solid API which developers can use to access security analytics tools. Over the years, ConsenSys has successfully protected over 100 Ethereum-based projects and uncovered over 200 issues. Apart from security auditing, the company also provides two other services known as Fuzzing, a bug-finding tool for first specifications, and Scribble, a runtime verification tool that translates high-level specifications into Solidity code.

    CertiK

    Website: https://www.certik.com/

    Projects Audited: 1800+

    Major Clients: BNB Chain, Polygon, The Sandbox

    Chains Supported: All chains

    CertiK is a blockchain security company specialized in formal verification and AI technology in collaboration with some of the world’s best cybersecurity experts to create end-to-end audit services. The company has developed “CertiK Chain”, a public blockchain focused on mathematically validating the safety of smart contracts through formal and manual verification. Other services of CertiK include Skynet, Skytrace and Penetration Testing.

    CertiK is an official partner company of Binance, and is also backed by numerous big-name firms such as Golden Sachs, Coinbase, Lightspeed, Matrix Partners, and DHVC.

    LeastAuthority

    Website: https://leastauthority.com/

    Projects Audited: 80+

    Major Clients: Ethereum Foundation, Chia Network, O(1) Labs, Protocol Labs, cLabs, Tezos Foundation

    Chains Supported: Ethereum, Chia Network, Tezos

    LeastAuthority is a cybersecurity consulting firm with its main focus on privacy. Using privacy-enhancing technologies, it classifies itself as an enabler of private and disruptive storage solutions. The platform offers two major products which are essentially storage architectures. The first, Privatestorage (formerly S4), is a centralized system that provides storage infrastructure to end-users and offers them the autonomy over the collection, processing and distribution of their private data. The second product, Tahoe LAFS, enables a decentralized, distributed and fault-tolerant storage facility.

    Apart from security audits, other services also include penetration testing, network and traffic analysis, and mechanism and incentive design. The company’s consultants work with developers throughout their development cycles to ensure that their projects are not susceptible to security threats.

    ChainSecurity

    Website: https://chainsecurity.com/

    Projects Audited: 85+

    Major Clients: yearn.finance, Maker, Compound, Curve, Rarible, Kyber Network

    Chains Supported: Ethereum

    ChainSecurity is a blockchain security firm led by security experts from the renowned university ETH Zurich. Similar to ConsenSys, the company specializes in Ethereum contract auditing. They have developed an automated audit platform that allows projects to thoroughly analyze smart contract designs, test their viability, and monitor metrics detailing their performances after launch. The company has worked with more than 85 Ethereum-based projects and helped secure more than $17 billion worth of assets.

    OpenZeppelin

    Website: https://openzeppelin.com/

    Projects Audited: 150+

    Major Clients: Ethereum Foundation, Coinbase, Compound, Aave, The Graph

    Chains Supported: Ethereum

    OpenZeppelin is a cybersecurity technology and services company known for its development of Solidity libraries known as “OpenZeppelin Contracts.” These libraries are used in most Solidity projects as a tested and standard template for contracts deployable on DApps. Developers can easily integrate these solutions into their applications through OpenZeppelin’s native SDK.

    OpenZeppelin was the first cybersecurity company to reinvent blockchain security by introducing elements of gamification to identify security vulnerabilities in smart contracts. “Ethernaut” is a web3/Solidity war game which challenges gamers to find and exploit loopholes in smart contracts to progress to the next level. The company also provides free services such as “Defender”, which helps clients automate their smart contract administration, offering a more secure and private transaction infrastructure.

    SlowMist

    Website: https://www.slowmist.com/en/

    Projects Audited: 1000+

    Major Clients: Binance, OKX, Huobi, Pancakeswap, Crypto.com

    Chains Supported: Ethereum, EVM Chains, EOS, Fabric, Solana, VeChain, ONT

    SlowMist is China’s leading blockchain security company founded in 2018. The team at SlowMust has over 10 years of experience in network security, specializing in smart contract audits, blockchain security, wallet security testing, and more. The company constantly tracks and publishes data about security situation on crypto exchanges through their Blockchain Threat Intelligence (BTI) service. Their most notable product MistTrack is a system that tracks the movement of stolen funds. Since its launch, it has helped recover nearly $1 billion in stolen funds.

    The company also offers security-related products such as anti-money laundering software, DarkHandBook (crypto safeguarding handbook), SlowMist Hacked (crypto hack archives), and FireWall.X (firewall for EOS smart contracts).

    Runtime Verification

    Website: https://runtimeverification.com/

    Projects Audited: 100+

    Major Clients: Algorand, Polkadot, Tezos Foundation, Ethereum Community Fund, NASA

    Chains Supported: All Chains

    Runtime Verification is a research and development company focused on verification-based techniques to perform security audits on virtual machines and smart contracts on public blockchains. The platform is a dynamic software analysis approach that analyzes programs as they execute, observing the results of the execution and using those results to find bugs. This solution designs standard models for high-value applications and uses them as templates to develop security-sensitive products.

    Runtime Verification has developed two main smart contract security products. The first, K Semantic Framework, offers smart contract correctness proofs to validate the viability of Ethereum and Cardano’s smart contracts. The second, Firefly, is a test coverage analysis tool for Ethereum smart contracts. The company has also worked with Ethereum Foundation on building a formal framework for Ethereum 2.0 testing.

  • Top 10 Blockchain Security and Smart Contract Audit Companies

    Top 10 Blockchain Security and Smart Contract Audit Companies

    We rank the top 10 performing blockchain security firms offering services such as smart contract audits, blockchain security analysis, penetration testing, formal verification, and security audits. Security audits are extremely important – this year we’re seeing the rise of Decentralized Finance (DeFi)— a new application of decentralized Blockchain technology that is poised to replace the trillion dollars Global Finance industry. However, recent events such as the dForce hack have shown us that hackers can exploit weaknesses in smart contracts and steal money. It’s almost like robbing a bank, except in this case the bank is flush with crypto AND can’t defend itself. In the case with dForce, the hacker stole $25,000,000 USD (talk about a good haul) and with crypto transactions, we know this is not reversible.

    Consequently, security solutions, tailored to the volatile nature of blockchain technology and its components, have started making moves to isolate and neutralize security threats common in the blockchain terrain. In this article, I will highlight and explore the workings of the top companies in the blockchain security niche.

    It is therefore extremely important for security audits of projects, exchanges and blockchains to be done. Users must also know what security tests have been performed and if any red flags were raised.

    Hacken

    Website: https://hacken.io/

    Hacken performs a wide range of security services for its clients. These suites of services include blockchain security consulting, web/mobile penetration testing, coordination of bug bounty programs, crypto exchange ratings, among other things. Although Hacken offers a long list of services targeted at blockchain and crypto firms, its ecosystem, however, encompasses security products ideal for IT companies as a whole. The company has built a commendable reputation as a security risk assessment for companies requiring a digital environment to create or enable services for their consumers.

    Hence, it comes as no surprise that Hacken has provided security services for non-blockchain giants like Air Asia. Furthermore, it has proven its commitment to blockchain technology by sponsoring and engaging security experts worldwide in security meetups.

    Hacken has also created the HackenAI security platform designed to protect the end user from security risks and account compromises. Key features such as Darknet monitoring immediately alerts users of compromised passwords and possible darknet attacks. HackenAI is available on Android and Iphone devices.

    Quantstamp

    Website: https://quantstamp.com/

    Quantstamp is a blockchain security startup unveiled at YCombinator W18 Batch. The security team of Quantstamp has experience in top IT companies like Google, Facebook, and Apple. And this is evident in the platform’s wide array of blockchain security tools and services. For one, Quantstamp has developed a decentralized security network for smart contract auditing. With this solution, users can perform automated smart contract security review on a “global network of decentralized security nodes.”

    Additionally, the platform provides expert security audits for clients blockchain projects and a 24/7 security monitoring software tool.

    Trail of Bits

    Website: https://www.trailofbits.com/

    Trail of Bits prides itself as a network of developers with the capabilities of identifying and fixing loopholes in software, devices, or codes. In other words, the solution provides an array of software security services that encompass smart contract audits, blockchain security research, software development, and so on. Over the years, Trail of Bits has developed formidable security tools for smart contracts. Some of these blockchain-focused solutions are Crytic, Slither, and Echidna.

    Apart from that, Trail of Bits developed the popular AlgoVPN. As well, it has a lot of security publications on GitHub, including public reports for 0x Protocol, Compound, NuCypher, and MakerDAO, which are some of its clients.

    OpenZeppelin

    Website: https://openzeppelin.com/

    The OpenZeppelin team is mostly known for its development of Solidity libraries known as OpenZeppelin Contracts. These libraries are used in most Solidity projects as a tested and standard template for contracts deployable on decentralized applications. Developers can integrate this solution through OpenZeppelin’s native SDK. Besides development, OpenZeppelin has a strong focus on smart contract security and audit services.

    Also, OpenZeppelin was one of the first teams to reinvent blockchain security by introducing elements of gamification to identify loopholes in smart contracts. Another of its products, Ethernaut, is a Web3/Solidity war game, which entails gamers to hack smart contracts to move to the next level.

    ConsenSys Diligence

    Website: https://diligence.consensys.net/

    US-based ConsenSys is one of the biggest and prominent blockchain incubators in the industry. Unlike other security firms mentioned on this list, ConsenSys dedicates its resources and technological know-how to the development of Ethereum blockchain applications and software, especially financial infrastructures. As such, its product, ConsenSys Diligence, offers security analysis for smart contracts. This audit product is at the cutting edge of sophisticated “cryptography, blockchain technology, and crypto-economic incentive analysis.”

    Another of its products, MythX, is one of the most powerful automated scanners for Ethereum smart contracts. This solution provides a robust API, which developers can use to access security analytics tools.

    Certik

    Website: https://certik.io/

    Certik is a security company looking to utilize topnotch formal verification technology in collaboration with some of the best cybersecurity experts to create end-to-end services. On its website, Certik claims that it has audited over 188,000 lines of codes and secured over $6.32 billion worth of assets. The team offers to mathematically validate the safety of smart contracts

    Therefore, it has developed Certik Chain, a public blockchain focused on leveraging Certik’s Formal Verification platform, to secure decentralized projects. Certik is officially a partner company of Binance, and it is backed by prominent investors, including Binance Labs, Lightspeed, Matrix Partners, and DHVC.

    LeastAuthority

    Website: https://leastauthority.com/

    LeastAuthority is a cybersecurity consulting firm with its main focus on privacy. It classifies itself as an enabler of private and disruptive storage solutions. At the moment, the platform has two major products available to its users. The first, Privatestorage (formerly S4), is a centralized system that provides storage infrastructure to end-users and offers them the autonomy over the collection, processing, and distribution of their private data. On the other hand, its second product, Tahoe LAFS, enables a decentralized, distributed, and fault-tolerant storage facility.

     In addition to providing different storage architectures, LeastAuthority has published security reports for Ethereum, Tezos, and others. It also works with developers throughout their development cycles to ensure that their projects are not susceptible to security threats. 

    PWC Switzerland (former Chainsecurity)

    Website: https://www.pwc.ch/en/services/risk-assurance/smart-contract-assurance.html

    Chainsecurity has joined PWC Switzerland to perform security review projects and create security solutions for the emerging blockchain industry. With this partnership, PWC Switzerland offers consultant services to blockchain projects from the exploration stage to the post-deployment stage. This platform assesses smart contract designs, tests their viability, and monitors metrics detailing their performances after deployment. It excels in its ability to combine automated analysis tools and the expertise of security professionals to identify and eliminate potential threats.

    As Chainsecurity, this blockchain team developed several security tools, including Securify and VerX. It makes sense to expect this team to continue its successful run in the blockchain security sector since it now has access to PWC Switzerland’s vast resources.

    Slowmist

    Website: https://www.slowmist.com/en/

    Slowmist is China’s leading blockchain security company. They perform extensive blockchain security services that include smart contract audits, blockchain security audits, wallet security testing, and much more. Slowmist also has a safe staking project for blockchain ecologies, which delivers real-time data on the growth and security patterns of EOS, Cosmos, Vechain, and other top blockchain projects. Another interesting bit of detail about this platform is its powerful firewall project for EOS smart contracts, named FireWall.X.

    Likewise, Slowmist is constantly tracking and publishing data and stats about security situation on crypto exchanges through their Blockchain Threat Intelligence (BTI) service. 

    Runtime Verification

    Website: https://runtimeverification.com/

    Runtime Verification is a research and development company focused on formal verification. According to the information on its website, this solution designs standard models for high-value applications and uses them as templates to develop security-sensitive products. Runtime Verification has developed two main smart contract security products. On the one hand, it offers smart contract correctness proofs with the help of the K framework to prove the viability of Ethereum and Cardano’s smart contracts. On the other, Firefly is a test coverage analysis tool for Ethereum smart contracts.

    Additionally, Runtime Verification has worked with Ethereum Foundation on building a formal framework for Ethereum 2.0 testing.

    What is the best Smart Contract Auditing Company

    Top tier smart contract auditing companies include Hacken, Trail of Bits and OpenZepplin